Capacity is adversely affected by high storage and high and low operation temperatures than cell optimum temperature, higher discharge rates, the stand time between charge and discharge. State of charge, the extent to which the battery is charged, opposite to [[/#Depth Of of Discharge| Depth of Discharge]], should also not be kept very high during storage.

Less capacity is restored and increased heating occurs when higher charge current rates are used. The magnitudes of the capacity decrease are temperature dependent. When a cell is charged at a higher current rate to the end-of-charge voltage, more . To add more capacity below the cutoff voltage, lower rate is preferred. Charge rates are also commonly specified as multiples of the C rate.  

Allowing the lowest possible end-of-discharge voltage and the widest voltage range leads to the highest available capacity. A voltage regulator can be used to convert the varying output voltage of the battery into a constant output voltage consistent with the equipment requirements. This allows the full capacity of the battery to be used; the only tradeoff is that the voltage regulator has losses.  

[[File:BatCharge.png|frame|center|Constant Current Constant Voltage Mode of Charging. Image reproduced from [http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq2057.pdf here]]]

These have found wide use in high-reliability space applications that require extended service life. Replacement of Cd with hydrogen reduced weight and increased energy thus almost doubling the specific energy. The cells often appear capable of handling the stresses of inadvertent reversal or excessive overcharge with little evidence of the damage or performance degradation that had been the rule for nickel-cadmium cells. <ref>http://aerospace.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/bk_ni-hyd-batteries-prin-pract_ch1.pdf <\/ref>

High energy density, high specific energy and long cycle life make Li-ion batteries promising power sources for satellites. It offers significant advantages in terms of mass(almost half of nickel hydrogen batteries for the same stored energy), volume and temperature range. The batteries also display good tolerance to occasional deep discharge. Li-Ion cells also display impressive and adequate tolerance to radiation levels as high as 18 Mrad (1 rad=0.01 J/kg ; dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by 1 gram of matter) and exhibit a loss of less than 10 % upon such high levels of radiation exposure. Furthermore, a portion of this loss can be attributed to the cycling or storage during this incremental radiation exposure. <ref name = "ieee"/> <\br \>Significant advances have been made in the cathode materials and electrolytes for Li-ion cells and batteries. Several new cathodes with high specific capacity approaching 250 mAh/g, coupled with high voltage and improved thermal stability have been identified. Likewise, several new electrolytes for enabling operations at -60 °C have been demonstrated. These advances are expected to results in advanced lithium-ion cells and batteries with high specific energy and wide range of operating temperatures, as desired in future space missions. <ref name = "ieee"/> However, the polymer li-ion cells have an additional problem with electrolyte leakage under abusive conditions.<ref name = "nasa"> https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090023862.pdf </ref>

=== Comparison between the batteries ====

The surfaces of battery terminals that extend inside the battery case need to be insulated with potting materials to prevent unintentional contact with other conductors inside the case and also to prevent bridging by electrolyte leaks. Wires inside the battery case should be insulated, restrained from contact with cell terminals, protected against chafing and physically constrained from movement due to vibration or bumping.<ref name = "nasa"/>